An enantioselective study of ß-cyclodextrin and ionic liquid-ß-cyclodextrin towards propranolol enantiomers by molecular dynamic simulations.

In this study, the enantioselectivity of ß-cyclodextrin and its derivatives towards propranolol enantiomers are investigated by molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) have previously been shown to be able to recognize propranolol (PRP) enantiomers. To improve upon the enantioselectivity of ß-cyclodextrin, we propose the use of an ionic-liquid-modified-ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD-IL). ß-CD-IL was found to be able to complex R and S propranolol enantiomers with differing binding energies. The molecular docking study reveals that the ionic liquid chain attached to the ß-CD molecule has significant interaction with propranolol. The formation of the most stable complex occurred between (S)-ß-CD-IL and (S)-propranolol with an energy of -5.80 kcal/mol. This is attributed to the formation of a hydrogen bond between the oxygen of the propranolol and the hydrogen on the primary rim of the (S)-ß-CD-IL cavity. This interaction is not detected in other complexes. The root mean-squared fluctuation (RMSF) value indicates that the NH group is the most flexible molecular fragment, followed by the aromatic group. Also of note, the formation of a complex between pristine ß-CD and (S)-propranolol is the least favorable.

Physicochemical properties and density functional theory calculation of octahedral UiO-66 with Bis(Trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ionic liquids.

In this study, the physicochemical properties and molecular interactions between zirconium-based metal-organic framework (UiO-66) and three different ionic liquids based on bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion (EMIM+, BMIM+ and OMIM+) was performed via a combined experimental and computational approach. The ionic liquid loaded UiO-66 or IL@UiO-66 was synthesized and characterized to understand the host-guest interaction. Density functional theory calculation was performed to analyse the electronic structure of IL@UiO-66 to provide molecular insight on the dominant interactions occurred in the hybrid material. Results showed that all ILs were successfully incorporated into the micropores of UiO-66. The 3D framework was retained even after loaded with ILs as analyzed from XRD pattern. FTIR spectrum reveals that interactions of ILs with UiO-66 influenced by the alkyl chain length of the cation. The anion has a profound affinity with the UiO-66 due to the presence of electronegative atoms. Phase transition study from DSC suggested that the incorporation of ILs has stabilized the framework of UiO-66 by shifting the endothermic peak to a higher state. These findings were further elaborated with DFT calculation. Geometrical optimizations confirmed the structural parameter changes of UiO-66 when loaded with ILs. These was mainly contributed by the non-covalent interactions which was confirmed by the reduced density gradient scattered plot. Another important findings are the strength of hydrogen bonding at the host-guest interface was influenced by the alkyl chain length. The molecular orbital analysis also shows that the size of alkyl chain influence the reactivity of the hybrid material. The present study provides fundamental insights on the molecular interaction of UiO-66 and ILs as a hybrid material, which can open new possibilities for advanced material for metal-organic framework applications in energy storage system, catalysis, gas storage and medicinal chemistry.

Applications of covalent organic frameworks for the elimination of dyes from wastewater: A state-of-the-arts review.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are class of porous coordination polymers made up of organic building blocks joined together by covalent bonding through thermodynamic and controlled reversible polymerization reactions. This review discussed versatile applications of COFs for remediation of wastewater containing dyes, emphasizing the advantages of both pristine and modified materials in adsorption, membrane separation, and advanced oxidations processes. The excellent performance of COFs towards adsorption and membrane filtration has been centered to their higher crystallinity and porosity, exhibiting exceptionally high surface area, pore size and pore volumes. Thus, they provide more active sites for trapping the dye molecules. On one hand, the photocatalytic performance of the COFs was attributed to their semiconducting properties, and when coupled with other functional semiconducting materials, they achieve good mechanical and thermal stabilities, positive light response, and narrow band gap, a typical characteristic of excellent photocatalysts. As such, COFs and their composites have demonstrated excellent potentialities for the elimination of the dyes.

Density Functional Theory Studies on New Possible Biobased Gemini Corrosion Inhibitors Derived from Fatty Hydrazide Derivatives.

Several new possible biobased corrosion inhibitors derived from fatty hydrazide derivatives were analyzed using quantum chemical calculations via the density functional theory method to investigate the chemical reactivity and inhibition efficiencies against corrosion in metal steel. The study confirmed that the fatty hydrazides showed significant inhibitive performances based on their electronic properties, revealing band gap energies of 5.20 to 7.61 eV between the HOMO and LUMO. These energy differences decreased from 4.40 to 7.20 eV when combined with substituents of varying chemical compositions, structures, and functional groups, associated with higher inhibition efficiency. The most promising fatty hydrazide derivatives are terephthalic acid dihydrazide combined with a long-chain alkyl chain, which resulted in the lowest energy difference of 4.40 eV. Further inspection showed that the fatty hydrazide derivatives' inhibitive performances increased with increasing carbon chain length [from 4 (4-s-4) to 6 (6-s-6)], with a concomitant increase and decrease in hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, respectively. Fatty hydrazide derivatives containing aromatic rings also showed increased inhibition efficiencies following their contribution to improve the compounds' binding ability and adsorption on the metal surface. Overall, all data were consistent with previously reported findings, envisaging the potential of fatty hydrazide derivatives as effective corrosion inhibitors.

DFT Calculation and MD Simulation Studies on Gemini Surfactant Corrosion Inhibitor in Acetic Acid Media.

Gemini surfactant corrosion inhibitor (CI) is one type of CI mainly used in mitigating corrosion in the complex system of oil/gas production industries. Computer modeling methods such as density functional theory (DFT) calculation and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation are required to develop new CI molecules focusing on their application condition as a prediction or screening process before the physical empirical assessment. In this work, the adsorption inhibition efficiencies of two monomer surfactants (2B and H) and their respective Gemini structures with the addition of different spacers (alkyl, benzene, ester, ether, and ketone) are investigated using DFT calculation and MD simulation method in 3% sodium chloride (NaCl), and 1500 ppm acetic acid solutions. In DFT calculation, 2B-benzene molecules are assumed to have the most promising inhibition efficiency based on their high reactivity and electron-donating ability at their electron-rich benzene ring region based on the lowest bandgap energy (0.765 eV) and highest HOMO energy value (-2.879 eV), respectively. DFT calculation results correlate with the adsorption energy calculated from MD simulation, where 2B-benzene is also assumed to work better as a CI molecule with the most adsorption strength towards Fe (110) metal with the highest negative adsorption energy value (-1837.33 kJ/mol at temperature 323 K). Further, diffusion coefficient and molecular aggregation analysis in different CI concentrations through MD simulation reveals that only a small amount of Gemini surfactant CI is needed in the inhibition application compared to its respective monomer. Computer simulation methods successfully predict and screen the Gemini surfactant CI molecules that can work better as a corrosion inhibitor in acetic acid media. The amount of Gemini surfactant CI that needs to be used is also predicted. The future planning or way forward from this study will be the development of the most promising Gemini surfactant CI based on the results from DFT calculation and MD simulations.

Host-Guest Interactions of Zirconium-Based Metal-Organic Framework with Ionic Liquid.

A metal-organic framework (MOF) is a three-dimensional crystalline compound made from organic ligands and metals. The cross-linkage between organic ligands and metals creates a network of coordination polymers containing adjustable voids with a high total surface area. This special feature of MOF made it possible to form a host-guest interaction with small molecules, such as ionic liquid (IL), which can alter the phase behavior and improve the performance in battery applications. The molecular interactions of MOF and IL are, however, hard to understand due to the limited number of computational studies. In this study, the structural parameters of a zirconium-based metal-organic framework (UiO-66) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [EMIM][TFSI] were investigated via a combined experimental and computational approach using the linker model approach. When IL was loaded, the bond length and bond angle of organic linkers were distorted due to the increased electron density surrounding the framework. The increase in molecular orbital energy after confining IL stabilized the structure of this hybrid system. The molecular interactions study revealed that the combination of UiO-66 and [EMIM][TFSI] could be a promising candidate as an electrolyte material in an energy storage system.

Starch-Derived Superabsorbent Polymer in Remediation of Solid Waste Sludge Based on Water-Polymer Interaction.

The purpose of this study is to assess water-polymer interaction in synthesized starch-derived superabsorbent polymer (S-SAP) for the treatment of solid waste sludge. While S-SAP for solid waste sludge treatment is still rare, it offers a lower cost for the safe disposal of sludge into the environment and recycling of treated solid as crop fertilizer. For that to be possible, the water-polymer interaction on S-SAP must first be fully comprehended. In this study, the S-SAP was prepared through graft polymerization of poly (methacrylic acid-co-sodium methacrylate) on the starch backbone. By analyzing the amylose unit, it was possible to avoid the complexity of polymer networks when considering S-SAP using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT). Through the simulations, formation of hydrogen bonding between starch and water on the H06 of amylose was assessed for its flexibility and less steric hindrance. Meanwhile, water penetration into S-SAP was recorded by the specific radial distribution function (RDF) of atom-molecule interaction in the amylose. The experimental evaluation of S-SAP correlated with high water capacity by measuring up to 500% of distilled water within 80 min and more than 195% of the water from solid waste sludge for 7 days. In addition, the S-SAP swelling showed a notable performance of a 77 g/g swelling ratio within 160 min, while a water retention test showed that S-SAP was capable of retaining more than 50% of the absorbed water within 5 h of heating at 60 °C. The water retention of S-SAP adheres to pseudo-second-order kinetics for chemisorption reactions. Therefore, the prepared S-SAP might have potential applications as a natural superabsorbent, especially for the development of sludge water removal technology.

Enriched sewage sludge from anaerobic pre-treatment in spurring valorization potential of black soldier fly larvae.

The valorization of sewage sludge by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) has gained attentions for sewage sludge management since the sludge can be reduced securely as well as larval biomass can be used for biorefineries application. Nevertheless, the BSFL growth was impeded while assimilating nutrition from sewage sludge due to the presence of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that had entrapped the essential nutrients inside. Accordingly, the pre-treatment of sewage sludge via anaerobic digestion at different pH was employed in this work to rupture the EPS structure and release more nutrients for larval growth. The results showed that larvae fed with raw sewage sludge had attained the lowest final larval weight (2.05 ± 0.38 mg/larva) as opposed to batches fed with pre-treated sewage sludges. This was because the soluble carbohydrate (more than 6.81 ± 1.31 mg of glucose/g sewage sludge) in EPS was released after anaerobic pre-treatment, facilitating larval assimilation for growth. Furthermore, it was observed that further increasing of pH for sewage sludge pre-treatment had led to lower final larval weight gained due to the inhibitory effect stemming from ammonia production at higher pH. The anaerobic pre-treatment of sewage sludge being executed at pH 3 for 8 days had achieved the highest final larval weight at 7.34 ± 0.97 mg/larva. The still low quality of sewage sludges after the pre-treatment also offered benefit, where high sewage sludge reduction and waste reduction index were recorded due to the necessity of BSFL to consume more sewage sludge in compensating the nutrients destitution in sludge. Lastly, the possibility of predicting final larval weight was successfully materialized via a statistical model derived from the multiple linear regression method. The derived model incorporated the interactive parameters of anaerobic pre-treated pH and durations at various combinations could predict the final larval weight.

Ionic Liquid@Metal-Organic Framework as a Solid Electrolyte in a Lithium-Ion Battery: Current Performance and Perspective at Molecular Level.

Searching for a suitable electrolyte in a lithium-ion battery is a challenging task. The electrolyte must not only be chemically and mechanically stable, but also be able to transport lithium ions efficiently. Ionic liquid incorporated into a metal-organic framework (IL@MOF) has currently emerged as an interesting class of hybrid material that could offer excellent electrochemical properties. However, the understanding of the mechanism and factors that govern its fast ionic conduction is crucial as well. In this review, the characteristics and potential use of IL@MOF as an electrolyte in a lithium-ion battery are highlighted. The importance of computational methods is emphasized as a comprehensive tool to investigate the atomistic behavior of IL@MOF and its interaction in electrochemical environments.

Physio-Chemical Analysis of Amide and Amine Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-Modified Defoamer for Efficient Oil-Water Separation.

The formation of foam due to the injection of surfactant foam in FAWAG causes significant problems in the oil well production and separation facilities. The excessive foam can lead to the reduction of the separator capacity as well as its efficiency. A defoamer is needed to break and destroy the foam in the separator. There are many commercially available defoamer agents in the market, but not all defoamers are suitable for every application. For this reason, four modified silicone-based defoamers were successfully synthesized and characterized based on the data obtained from the screening process using various commercial defoamers. The performance of modified defoamers was evaluated using TECLIS FoamScan that imitate real conditions of treatment. The results show that all four of the modified silicone-based defoamers, especially amide-terminated-modified defoamers (S2) showed excellent performance as a defoaming agent to mitigate foam in specific conditions. The best-case condition for the modified defoamer to perform was at a high temperature (60 °C), gas flow rate of 1.0 L/min, and low ration concentration of the surfactant to brine (30:70). The study on the bubble count and distribution using a KRÜSS Dynamic Foam Analyzer revealed that S2 excellently contributes to the formation of unstable foam that can fasten foam destruction in the foaming system.

Binding of tetrabutylammonium bromide based deep eutectic solvent to DNA by spectroscopic analysis.

The binding characteristics of DNA in deep eutectic solvents (DESs), particularly the binding energy and interaction mechanism, are not widely known. In this study, the binding of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) based DES of different hydrogen bond donors (HBD), including ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol (Gly), 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) and 1,5-pentanediol (1,5-PD), to calf thymus DNA was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy. It was found that the shorter the alkyl chain length (2 carbons) and higher EG ratios of TBABr:EG (1:5) increased the binding constant (Kb) between DES and DNA up to 5.75 × 105 kJ mol-1 and decreased the binding of Gibbs energy (ΔGo) to 32.86 kJ mol-1. Through displacement studies, all synthesised DESs have been shown to displace DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and were able to bind on the minor groove of Adenine-Thymine (AT)-rich DNA. A higher number of hydroxyl (OH) groups caused the TBABr:Gly to form more hydrogen bonds with DNA bases and had the highest ability to quench DAPI from DNA, with Stern-Volmer constants (Ksv) of 115.16 M-1. This study demonstrated that the synthesised DESs were strongly bound to DNA through a combination of electrostatic, hydrophobic, and groove binding. Hence, DES has the potential to solvate and stabilise nucleic acid structures.

Efficient removal of pharmaceuticals from water using graphene nanoplatelets as adsorbent.

Recently, pharmaceutical pollutants in water have emerged as a global concern as they give threat to human health and the environment. In this study, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were used to efficiently remove antibiotics sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and analgesic acetaminophen (ACM) as pharmaceutical pollutants from water by an adsorption process. GNPs; C750, C300, M15 and M5 were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. The effects of several parameters viz. solution pH, adsorbent amount, initial concentration and contact time were studied. The parameters were optimized by a batch adsorption process and the maximum removal efficiency for both pharmaceuticals was 99%. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms models were employed, and the experimental data were best analysed with pseudo-second kinetic and Langmuir isotherm with maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) of 210.08 mg g-1 for SMX and 56.21 mg g-1 for ACM. A regeneration study was applied using different eluents; 5% ethanol-deionized water 0.005 M NaOH and HCl. GNP C300 was able to remove most of both pollutants from environmental water samples. Molecular docking was used to simulate the adsorption mechanism of GNP C300 towards SMX and ACM with a free binding energy of -7.54 kcal mol-1 and -5.29 kcal mol-1, respectively, which revealed adsorption occurred spontaneously.

Removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid from water by MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic framework: kinetics, isotherms and statistical models.

Effective removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), an emerging agrochemical contaminant in water with carcinogenic and mutagenic health effects has been reported using hydrothermally synthesized MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic framework (MOF). The properties of the MOF were ascertained using powdered X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and surface area and porosimetry (SAP). The BET surface area and pore volume of the MOF were 1439 m2 g-1 and 0.77 cm3 g-1, respectively. Artificial neural network (ANN) model was significantly employed for the accurate prediction of the experimental adsorption capacity (qe ) values with minimal error. A rapid removal of the pollutant (99%) was recorded within short time (approx. 25 min), and the reusability of the MOF (20 mg) was achieved up to six cycles with over 90% removal efficiency. The kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics of the process were described by the pseudo-second-order, Freundlich and endothermic adsorption, respectively. The adsorption process is spontaneous based on the negative Gibbs free energy values. The significant correlation between the experimental findings and simulation results suggests the great potential of MIL-101(Cr) for the remediation of MCPA from water matrices.

A Critical Review on Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Composites as Advanced Materials for Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Emerging Organic Pollutants from Wastewater.

Water-borne emerging pollutants are among the greatest concern of our modern society. Many of these pollutants are categorized as endocrine disruptors due to their environmental toxicities. They are harmful to humans, aquatic animals, and plants, to the larger extent, destroying the ecosystem. Thus, effective environmental remediations of these pollutants became necessary. Among the various remediation techniques, adsorption and photocatalytic degradation have been single out as the most promising. This review is devoted to the compilations and analysis of the role of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their composites as potential materials for such applications. Emerging organic pollutants, like dyes, herbicides, pesticides, pharmaceutical products, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and perfluorinated alkyl substances, have been extensively studied. Important parameters that affect these processes, such as surface area, bandgap, percentage removal, equilibrium time, adsorption capacity, and recyclability, are documented. Finally, we paint the current scenario and challenges that need to be addressed for MOFs and their composites to be exploited for commercial applications.

Studies on the supramolecular complex of a guanosine with beta-cyclodextrin and evaluation of its anti-proliferative activity.

The behavior of the inclusion behavior of guanosine (GU) with beta-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) in the liquid, solid and virtual state were investigated. The absorption and fluorescence spectral were used to determine the inclusion behavior in liquid state. FT-IR, NMR, TGA, DSC, PXRD and FESEM techniques were used to investigate the inclusion behavior in solid-state, meanwhile the virtual state studies are done by molecular docking. The solid inclusion complex (GU: ß-CD) was prepared by using the co-precipitation method. The binding constant (K) of (GU: ß-CD) was calculated by using Benesi-Hildebrand. Besides that, the 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of inclusion complex was confirmed by using the Benesi-Hildebrand plot and Job's plot of continuous variation method. The most preferable model of GU: ß-CD that suggested via molecular docking studies was in good agreement with experimental results. The inclusion complex of GU: ß-CD exerted its toxicity effects towards HepG2 cell lines based on the reduced number of cell viability and lowest IC50 value compared to the GU and ß-CD viability.

Molecular simulation on the stability and adsorption properties of choline-based ionic liquids/IRMOF-1 hybrid composite for selective H2S/CO2 capture.

The compatibility and performance of an Isoreticular Metal-Organic Frameworks (IRMOF-1) impregnated with choline-based ionic liquids (ILs) for selective adsorption of H2S/CO2, were studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Cholinium alanate ([Chl][Ala]) was nominated as the suitable IL for impregnation into IRMOF-1, consistent with the low RMSD values (0.546 nm, 0.670 nm, 0.776 nm) at three IL/IRMOF-1 w/w ratios (WIL/IRMOF-1 = 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2). The [Chl]+ and [Ala]- ion pair was located preferentially around the carboxylate group within the IRMOF-1 framework, with the latter interacting strongly with the host than the [Chl]+. Results of radius of gyration (Rg) and root mean square displacement (RMSD) revealed that a ratio of 0.4 w/w of IL/IRMOF-1 (Rg = 1.405 nm; RMSD = 0.546 nm) gave the best conformation to afford an exceptionally stable IL/IRMOF-1 composite. It was discovered that the IL/IRMOF-1 composite was more effective in capturing H2S and CO2 compared to pristine IRMOF-1. The gases adsorbed in higher quantities in the IL/IRMOF-1 composite phase compared to the bulk phase, with a preferential adsorption for H2S, as shown by the uppermost values of adsorption ( [Formula: see text] = 17.954 mol L-1 bar-1) and an adsorption selectivity ( [Formula: see text] = 43.159) at 35 IL loading.

Adsorption of dicamba and MCPA onto MIL-53(Al) metal-organic framework: response surface methodology and artificial neural network model studies.

An aluminium-based metal-organic framework ((MOF), MIL-53(Al)), was hydrothermally synthesized, characterized and applied for the remediation of the herbicides dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxy benzoic acid) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in aqueous medium. Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were used to design, optimize and predict the non-linear relationships between the independent and dependent variables. The shared interaction of the effects of key response parameters on the adsorption capacity were assessed using the central composite design-RSM and ANN optimization models. The optimum adsorption capacities for dicamba and MCPA are 228.5 and 231.9 mg g-1, respectively. The RSM ANOVA results showed significant p-values, with coefficients of determination (R 2) = 0.988 and 0.987 and R 2 adjusted = 0.974 and 0.976 for dicamba and MCPA, respectively. The ANN prediction model gave R 2 = 0.999 and 0.999, R 2 adjusted = 0.997 and 0.995 and root mean square errors (RMSEs) of 0.001 and 0.004 for dicamba and MCPA, respectively. In each set of experimental conditions used for the study, the ANN gave better prediction than the RSM, with high accuracy and minimal error. The rapid removal (∼25 min), reusability (5 times) and good agreement between the experimental findings and simulation results suggest the great potential of MIL-53(Al) for the remediation of dicamba and MCPA from water matrices.

Arsenic adsorption mechanism on palm oil fuel ash (POFA) powder suspension.

The contribution of palm oil fuel ash (POFA), an agricultural waste as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) was explored. Investigation on the adsorbency characteristics of POFA suspension revealed that the surface area, particle size, composition, and crystallinity of the SiO2 rich mullite structure were the crucial factors in ensuring a high adsorption capacity of the ions. Maximum adsorption capacities of As(III) and As(V) at 91.2 and 99.4 mg g-1, respectively, were obtained when POFA of 30 µm particle size was employed at pH 3 with the highest calcination temperature at 1150 °C. An optimum dosage of 1.0 g of dried POFA powder successfully removed 48.7% and 50.2% of As(III) and As(V), respectively. Molecular modeling using the density functional theory consequently identified the energy for the proposed reaction routes between the SiO- and As+ species. The high stability of the POFA suspension in water in conjunction with good adsorption capacity of As(III) and As(V) seen in this study, thus envisages its feasibility as a potential alternative absorbent for the remediation of water polluted with heavy metals.

Tailoring the surface area and the acid-base properties of ZrO2 for biodiesel production from Nannochloropsis sp.

Bifunctional heterogeneous catalysts have a great potential to overcome the shortcomings of homogeneous and enzymatic catalysts and simplify the biodiesel production processes using low-grade, high-free-fatty-acid feedstock. In this study, we developed ZrO2-based bifunctional heterogeneous catalysts for simultaneous esterification and transesterification of microalgae to biodiesel. To avoid the disadvantage of the low surface area of ZrO2, the catalysts were prepared via a surfactant-assisted sol-gel method, followed by hydrothermal treatments. The response surface methodology central composite design was employed to investigate various factors, like the surfactant/Zr molar ratio, pH, aging time, and temperature on the ZrO2 surface area. The data were statistically analyzed to predict the optimal combination of factors, and further experiments were conducted for verification. Bi2O3 was supported on ZrO2 via the incipient wetness impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by a variety of techniques, which disclosed that the surfactant-assisted ZrO2 nanoparticles possess higher surface area, better acid-base properties, and well-formed pore structures than bare ZrO2. The highest yield of fatty acid methyl esters (73.21%) was achieved using Bi2O3/ZrO2(CTAB), and the catalytic activity of the developed catalysts was linearly correlated with the total densities of the acidic and basic sites. The mechanism of the simultaneous reactions was also discussed.

Palatability of black soldier fly larvae in valorizing mixed waste coconut endosperm and soybean curd residue into larval lipid and protein sources.

The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been widely extolled for the application in managing various solid organic wastes. Owing to the saprophagous nature of BSFL, a rapid valorization of solid organic wastes can be accomplished with the simultaneous production of valuable biochemical compounds derived from larval biomass. In the present works, the mixed waste coconut endosperm (w-CE) and soybean curd residue (SC-r) substrates with increasing protein nutritional constituent were administered to BSFL. The correlations between protein from larval feed substrates and nutritional profiles of BSFL biomasses were ultimately unveiled. The protein from larval feed substrates could be increased by increasing of SC-r portion against w-CE. At the w-CE:SC-r ratio of 3:2, the highest larval total weight gained and growth rate were attained; indicating an optimum protein nutritional constituent in mixed organics (12.4%) that could enhance the BSFL palatability. Further increment of protein nutritional constituent in mixed organics was found acidifying the residual larval feed substrate progressively, undermining the growth of BSFL. By feeding the BSFL with optimum mixed organics, the maximum accumulations of larval lipid and protein could be achieved. Transesterification of extracted lipid had demonstrated high in monounsaturated fatty acids (73%) which was suitable for biodiesel. The BSFL palatability was finally confirmed from the bioconversion viewpoint of mixed organic wastes. Again, achieving the highest bioconversion efficiency of 14% into larval biomass after accounting the metabolic loss of 54%. Therefore, a total of 68% of mixed w-CE and SC-r could be successfully bioconverted.